Theories + The Big Issue

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BARTHES + SEMIOTICS:
  • Denotation - What you see or hear. The physical thing.
  • Connotation -  What it means. The meaning behind it.
  • Anchorage - It holds down the meaning, fixes it. Not all media products have this though.
  • Helps us represent who/what is represented.
HALL AND IDEOLOGY:
  • Ideology is a set of ideas that help us make meaning of the world. 
  • Hall says that dominant ideology is important and the media should reflect this dominant ideology.
  • Dominant ideology are those beliefs shared by most people in a society or culture. 
  • Consumerism; buying stuff makes us happy.
  • Nuclear family. 
  • Some artefacts are polysemic.
  • Polysemic - range of possible meanings
  • Some audiences take a negotiated position
  • A small minority make a oppositional reading
GAUNTLETT - A POSTMODERN APPROACH
  • A bit of everything; mixing things.
  • After modernism. Not having structure and mixing things up
  • 'identity is complicated' build your own identity.
  • Can do this better in an online world
  • Might link to the term 'intertextuality' 
  • Gauntlett is one of many postmodernists.
VAN ZOONEN: FEMINIST:
  • Women's bodies in the media are presented as objects'
  • Men's bodies are spectacle
  • Admire men but look down on women.
  • Gender is what we do rather than what we are.
BELL HOOKS: FEMINIST:
  • Intersectionality
  • Understand how class and race can intersect
  • experience of a black woman is very different to a white woman.
GILROY AND POST COLONIALISM:
  • About a period of history after colonial rule ended
  • Refers to the representation of the windrush generation.
  • People who moved to the UK and America after Colonial rule. 
  • A Lot of writing of the experiences of non-white british/american people. 
  • Diaspora refers to this movement of these people across the world.
  • Paul Gilroy talks about ''Other''ness
  • Says that most non-white people in the media emphasise ''other''ness.
  • Coloured people are rarely mentioned in the media and when they are their colouredness is emphasised.

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